var iLessonNr=3 N() T("@a3c1a4cb a3c2a4ac a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a1a3@","A ni B ga arimasu.","Sentence pattern: In A there is B (not moving).") D("A is the location,
B is the subject,
@a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9@ is a verb expressing existence.

The subject B is something which doesn't move such as a book, a building, or even a vehicle, which doesn't move, i.e. usually not living objects.") E("@a3c1a4cb a4caa4cba4ac a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a4aba1a3@","A ni naniga arimasuka.","What is there in A?") E("@a3c1a4cb a3c2a4ac a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a1a3@","A ni B ga arimasu.","In A there is B.") E("@a4b3a4b3a4cb a4dba4f3a4c8 a4c7a4f3a4efa4ac a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a1a3@","kokoni honto denwaga arimasu.","There is a book and a phone here.") E("@a4a2a4bda4b3a4cb a4b8a4c9a4a6a4b7a4e3a4ac a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a1a3@","asokoni jidoushaga arimasu.","There is a car over there (standing still).") N() T("@a3c2a4cf a3c1a4cb a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a1a3@","B ha A ni arimasu.","Sentence pattern: B is in A.") D("A is the location,
B is the subject,
@a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9@ is a verb expressing existence.

The subject B is something which doesn't move such as a book, a building, or even a vehicle, which doesn't move.") E("@a3c2a4cf a4c9a4b3a4cb a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a4aba1a3@","Bha dokoni arimasuka.","Where is B?") E("@a3c2a4cf a3c1a4cb a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a1a3@","B ha A ni arimasu.","B is in A.") E("@a4c7a4f3a4efa4cf a4c9a4b3a4cb a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a4aba1a3@","denwaha dokoni arimasuka.","Where is the phone?") E("@a4c7a4f3a4efa4cf a4b3a4b3a4cb a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a1a3@","denwaha kokoni arimasu.","The phone is here.") N() T("@a4caa4cba4e2@","nanimo","Negative pronouns: nothing") D("Adding @a4e2@ to the interrogative pronoun @a4caa4cb@ (what) and saying @a4a2a4eaa4dea4bba4f3@ (doesn't exist), the fact that nothing exists or that there is nothing is expressed.","

Note that a @a4cf@ is added to @a3c1a4cb@ in the structure @a3c1a4cba4cf a4caa4cba4e2 a4a2a4eaa4dea4bba4f3a1a3@ (There is nothing in A.).") E("@a3c1a4cb a4caa4cba4ac a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a4aba1a3@","A ni naniga arimasuka.","What is there in A?") E("@a3c1a4cba4cf a4caa4cba4e2 a4a2a4eaa4dea4bba4f3a1a3@","A niha nanimo arimasen.","There is nothing in A.") E("@a4bda4ce a4d8a4e4a4cb a4caa4cba4ab a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a4aba1a3@","sono heyani nanika arimasuka.","Is there anything in that room?") E("@a4a4a4a4a4a8a1a4 a4b3a4cea4d8a4e4a4cba4cf a4caa4cba4e2 a4a2a4eaa4dea4bba4f3a1a3@","iie, konoheyaniha nanimo arimasen.","No, there is nothing in this room.") N() T("@a3c1a4cf a3c2a4c7a4b9a1a3@","A ha B desu.","Sentence pattern: A is in B.") D("The structure @a3c1a4cf a3c2a4c7a4b9a1a3@ can also be used instead of @a3c1a4cf a3c2a4cb a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a1a3@.") E("@a4e6a4a6a4d3a4f3a4ada4e7a4afa4cf a4c9a4b3a4cb a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a4aba1a3@","yuubinkyokuha dokoni arimasuka.","Where is the post office?") E("@a4e6a4a6a4d3a4f3a4ada4e7a4afa4cf a4c9a4b3a4c7a4b9a4aba1a3@","yuubinkyokuha dokodesuka.","Where is the post office?") E("@a4e6a4a6a4d3a4f3a4ada4e7a4afa4cf a4a2a4bda4b3a4cb a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a1a3@","yuubinkyokuha asokoni arimasu.","The post office is over there.") E("@a4e6a4a6a4d3a4f3a4ada4e7a4afa4cf a4a2a4bda4b3a4c7a4b9a1a3@","yuubinkyokuha asokodesu.","The post office is over there.") N() T("@a3c1a4ce a3c2@","A no B","Prepositions indicating position: in, on, under, ...") D("In Japanese the positional prepositions like \"in, on, under\" etc. are expressed with the structure @a3c1a4ce a3c2@, where B indicates the position with respect to A.
@a3c1a4ce c3e6@ _A no naka_ in A
@a3c1a4ce bee5@ _A no ue_ on A
@a3c1a4ce b2bc@ _A no shita_ under A
@a3c1a4ce a4e0a4b3a4a6@ _A no mukou_ on the other side of A
") E("@a4aba4d0a4f3a4ce c3e6a4cb a4b8a4b7a4e7a4ac a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a1a3@","kabanno nakani jishoga arimasu.","There is a dictionary in the bag.") E("@a4c4a4afa4a8a4ce bee5a4cb cbdca4ac a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a1a3@","tsukueno ueni honga arimasu.","There is a book on the desk.") E("@a4b3a4ce a4ada4e7a4a6a4b7a4c4a4ce b2bca4e2 a4ada4e7a4a6a4b7a4c4a4c7a4b9a1a3@","kono kyoushitsuno shitamo kyoushitsudesu.","Under this classroom there is also a classroom.") E("@a4e6a4a6a4d3a4f3a4ada4e7a4afa4cf a4a8a4ada4ce a4e0a4b3a4a6a4c7a4b9a1a3@","yuubinkyokuha ekino mukoudesu.","The post office is on the other side of the station.") N() T("interrogative pronoun + @a1c1a4ab@","interrogative pronoun + ~ka","Indefinite pronouns: anything, anywhere, ...") D("By adding @a1c1a4ab@ to an interrogative pronoun, an indefinite pronoun is formed:
@a4caa4cb@ (what) @a4c9a4b3@ (where) @a4c0a4ec@ (who)
@a4caa4cba4ab@ (something) @a4c9a4b3a4ab@ (somewhere) @a4c0a4eca4ab@ (someone)
") E("@a4eca4a4a4bea4a6a4b3a4ce c3e6a4cb a4caa4cba4ab a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a4aba1a3@","reizoukono nakani nanika arimasuka.","Is there anything in the refrigerator?") E("@a4a4a4a4a4a8a1a4 a4eca4a4a4bea4a6a4b3a4ce c3e6a4cba4cf a4caa4cba4e2 a4a2a4eaa4dea4bba4caa1a3@","iie, reizoukono nakaniha nanimo arimasen.","No, there is nothing in the refrigerator.") E("@a4c9a4b3a4aba4cb a4cfa4b5a4dfa4cf a4a2a4eaa4dea4bba4f3a4aba1a3@","dokokani hasamiha arimasenka.","Aren't the scissors anywhere?") N() T("@a4cf@ and @a4ac@","ha and ga","Particles: ha and ga") D("The particle @a4cf@ marks the topic of a sentence (the \"main\" part) and places a degree of emphasis on the preceding part of the sentence. This particle @a4cf@ is pronounced \"wa\" (not \"ha\") what is one of few exceptions.

The particle @a4ac@ marks the subject of a sentence. The subject of the sentence doesn't necessarily have to be the same as the topic of a sentence. If a subject is also the topic of a sentence, only @a4cf@ is used and @a4ac@ is omitted.

The distinction between @a4cf@ and @a4ac@ is one of the main difficulties when learning Japanese.

@a4cf@ is used in negative responses to questions because it serves to add some emphasis.") E("@a4a2a4caa4bfa4ce a4d8a4e4a4cb a4caa4cba4ac a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a4aba1a3@","anatano heyani naniga arimasuka.","What is there in your room?") E("@a5c6a5eca5d3a4cf a4a2a4caa4bfa4ce a4d8a4e4a4cb a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a4aba1a3@","TEREBIha anatano heyani arimasuka.","Is the TV in your room?") E("@a4eca4a4a4bea4a6a4b3a4ce c3e6a4cb a4b4a4cfa4f3a4e2 a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a4aba1a3@","reizoukono nakani gohanmo arimasuka.","Is there also rice in the refrigerator?") E("@a4a4a4a4a4a8a1a4 a4b4a4cfa4f3a4cf a4a2a4eaa4dea4bba4f3a1a3@","iie, gohanha arimasen.","No, there is no rice.") N() T("@a4caa4cba1a4 a4caa4f3@","nani, nan","Interrogative pronoun: what") D("The basic form is @a4caa4cb@ (what). In combination with certain words it becomes @a4caa4f3@.") E("@a4bda4b3a4cb a4caa4cba4ab a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a4aba1a3@","sokoni nanika arimasuka.","Is there anything there?") E("@a4bda4b3a4cb a4caa4cba4ac a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a4aba1a3@","sokoni naniga arimasuka.","What is that there?") E("@a4bda4eca4cf a4caa4f3a4c7a4b9a4aba1a3@","soreha nandesuka.","What is that?") E("@a4ada4e7a4a6a4cf a4caa4f3a4cba4c1a4c7a4b9a4aba1a3@","kyouha nannichidesuka.","What day of the month is today?") N() T("@a3c1a4c8a3c2a4c8a3c3a4c8@ and @a3c1a4e4a3c2a4e4a3c3a4e4 a1caa4caa4c9a1cb@","A to B to C to and A ya B ya C ya (nado)","Enumeration: A and B and C (etc.)") D("
@a3c1a4c8a3c2a4c8a3c3a4c8@ is an enumeration and means that there is nothing besides A, B and C.
@a3c1a4e4a3c2a4e4a3c3a4e4 a1caa4caa4c9a1cb@ is also an enumeration, but there may be other things apart from A, B, and C. @a4caa4c9@ = etc.
") E("@a4b3a4cea4d8a4e4a4cba4cf a4c7a4f3a4efa4c8 a5c6a5eca5d3a4c8 a5d9a5c3a5c9a4ac a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a1a3@","konoheyaniha denwato TEREBIto BEDDOga arimasu.","In this room there is a phone, a TV and a bed (and nothing else).") E("@a4eca4a4a4bea4a6a4b3a4ce c3e6a4cba4cf a4e4a4b5a4a4a4e4 a4afa4c0a4e2a4cea4e4 a4aea4e5a4a6a4cba4e5a4a6a4caa4c9a4ac a4a2a4eaa4dea4b9a1a3@","reizoukono nakaniha yasaiya kudamonoya gyuunyuunadoga arimasu.","In the refrigerator there are vegetables, fruits and milk etc.")