var iLessonNr=1 N() T("@a4d2a4e9a4aca4ca@","hiragana","Hiragana") D("
Modern Japanese is written with a mixture of hiragana and katakana (simple set of syllables), plus kanji (a little bit complicated symbols) and may also include romaji (Roman letters).

Hiragana is mainly used to write word endings, known as okurigana in Japanese. Hiragana are also widely used in materials for children, textbooks, animation and comic books, to write Japanese words which are not normally written with kanji, such as adverbs and some nouns and adjectives, or for words whose kanji are obscure or obsolete. Hiragana are also sometimes written above or along side kanji to indicate pronunciation. Hiragana used in this way are known as furigana.

The hiragana consists of 48 syllables (the table shows 46 commonly used ones).

The syllables are combinations of the consonants k, s, t, n, h, m, y, r, w and the vocals a, i, u, e, o but please note the exceptions @a4b7@ shi, @a4c1@ chi, @a4c4@ tsu, @a4d5@ fu and @a4f3@ n.
Hiragana
  a i u e o
  @a4a2@ a @a4a4@ i @a4a6@ u @a4a8@ e @a4aa@ o
k- @a4ab@ ka @a4ad@ ki @a4af@ ku @a4b1@ ke @a4b3@ ko
s- @a4b5@ sa @a4b7@ shi @a4b9@ su @a4bb@ se @a4bd@ so
t- @a4bf@ ta @a4c1@ chi @a4c4@ tsu @a4c6@ te @a4c8@ to
n- @a4ca@ na @a4cb@ ni @a4cc@ nu @a4cd@ ne @a4ce@ no
h- @a4cf@ ha @a4d2@ hi @a4d5@ fu @a4d8@ he @a4db@ ho
m- @a4de@ ma @a4df@ mi @a4e0@ mu @a4e1@ me @a4e2@ mo
y- @a4e4@ ya   @a4e6@ yu   @a4e8@ yo
r- @a4e9@ ra @a4ea@ ri @a4eb@ ru @a4ec@ re @a4ed@ ro
w- @a4ef@ wa       @a4f2@ wo
          @a4f3@ n
") E("@a4a2a4caa4bf@","anata","you") E("@a4cba4dba4f3@","nihon","Japan") N() T("@a4d2a4e9a4aca4ca@","hiragana","Hiragana with diacritics") D("
Additional sounds are represented using diacritics. Diacritics are simple symbols added to the basic symbols.
Hiragana with diacritics
  a i u e o
g- @a4ac@ ga @a4ae@ gi @a4b0@ gu @a4b2@ ge @a4b4@ go
z- @a4b6@ za @a4b8@ ji @a4ba@ zu @a4bc@ ze @a4be@ zo
d- @a4c0@ da @a4c2@ ji @a4c5@ zu @a4c7@ de @a4c9@ do
b- @a4d0@ ba @a4d3@ bi @a4d6@ bu @a4d9@ be @a4dc@ bo
p- @a4d1@ pa @a4d4@ pi @a4d7@ pu @a4da@ pe @a4dd@ po
") E("@a4b4@","go","language") E("@a4c0a4ec@","dare","who") N() T("@a4d2a4e9a4aca4ca@","hiragana","Hiragana combinations") D("
Additional sounds are represented using combinations of syllables
@a4ad@ ki, @a4b7@ shi, @a4c1@ chi, @a4cb@ ni, @a4d2@ hi, @a4df@ mi, @a4ea@ ri (possibly with diacritics) and small versions of the syllables @a4e3@ ya, @a4e5@ yu, @a4e7@ yo.
Hiragana combinations
  a u o
k- @a4ada4e3@ kya @a4ada4e5@ kyu @a4ada4e7@ kyo
g- @a4aea4e3@ gya @a4aea4e5@ gyu @a4aea4e7@ gyo
sh- @a4b7a4e3@ sha @a4b7a4e5@ shu @a4b7a4e7@ sho
j- @a4b8a4e3@ ja @a4b8a4e5@ ju @a4b8a4e7@ jo
ch- @a4c1a4e3@ cha @a4c1a4e5@ chu @a4c1a4e7@ cho
n- @a4cba4e3@ nya @a4cba4e5@ nyu @a4cba4e7@ nyo
h- @a4d2a4e3@ hya @a4d2a4e5@ hyu @a4d2a4e7@ hyo
b- @a4d3a4e3@ bya @a4d3a4e5@ byu @a4d3a4e7@ byo
p- @a4d4a4e3@ pya @a4d4a4e5@ pyu @a4d4a4e7@ pyo
m- @a4dfa4e3@ mya @a4dfa4e5@ myu @a4dfa4e7@ myo
r- @a4eaa4e3@ rya @a4eaa4e5@ ryu @a4eaa4e7@ ryo
") E("@a4ada4e7a4a6@","kyou","today") N() T("@a4aba4bfa4aba4ca@","katakana","Katakana") D("
The katakana consists of 48 syllables (the table shows 45 commonly used ones).

Katakana have been used mainly to write non-Chinese loan words, onomatopoeic words, foreign names, in telegrams and for emphasis (the equivalent of bold, italic or upper case text in English).
Katakana
  a i u e o
  @a5a2@ a @a5a4@ i @a5a6@ u @a5a8@ e @a5aa@ o
k- @a5ab@ ka @a5ad@ ki @a5af@ ku @a5b1@ ke @a5b3@ ko
s- @a5b5@ sa @a5b7@ shi @a5b9@ su @a5bb@ se @a5bd@ so
t- @a5bf@ ta @a5c1@ chi @a5c4@ tsu @a5c6@ te @a5c8@ to
n- @a5ca@ na @a5cb@ ni @a5cc@ nu @a5cd@ ne @a5ce@ no
h- @a5cf@ ha @a5d2@ hi @a5d5@ fu @a5d8@ he @a5db@ ho
m- @a5de@ ma @a5df@ mi @a5e0@ mu @a5e1@ me @a5e2@ mo
y- @a5e4@ ya   @a5e6@ yu   @a5e8@ yo
r- @a5e9@ ra @a5ea@ ri @a5eb@ ru @a5ec@ re @a5ed@ ro
w- @a5ef@ wa        
          @a5f3@ n
") E("@a5bfa5a4@","TAI","Thailand") N() T("@a4aba4bfa4aba4ca@","katakana","Katakana with diacritics") D("
Additional sounds are represented using diacritics. Diacritics are simple symbols added to the basic symbols.
Katakana with diacritics
  a i u e o
g- @a5ac@ ga @a5ae@ gi @a5b0@ gu @a5b2@ ge @a5b4@ go
z- @a5b6@ za @a5b8@ ji @a5ba@ zu @a5bc@ ze @a5be@ zo
d- @a5c0@ da @a5c2@ ji @a5c5@ zu @a5c7@ de @a5c9@ do
b- @a5d0@ ba @a5d3@ bi @a5d6@ bu @a5d9@ be @a5dc@ bo
p- @a5d1@ pa @a5d4@ pi @a5d7@ pu @a5da@ pe @a5dd@ po
v-     @a5f4@ vu    
") E("@a5a4a5f3a5c9a5cda5b7a5a2@","INDONESHIA","Indonesia") N() T("@a4aba4bfa4aba4ca@","katakana","Katakana combinations") D("
Additional sounds are represented using combinations of syllables
@a5ad@ ki, @a5b7@ shi, @a5c1@ chi, @a5cb@ ni, @a5d2@ hi, @a5df@ mi, @a5ea@ ri, @a5d5@ fu, @a5f4@ vu (possibly with diacritics) and small versions of the syllables @a5e3@ ya, @a5e5@ yu, @a5e7@ yo, and rarely @a5a1@ a, @a5a3@ i, @a5a7@ e, @a5a9@ o.

The katakana for with the initial \"v\" are recent creations as the Japanese people are not used to pronounce \"v\". Instead they prefer to use \"b\".
Katakana combinations
  a i u e o
k- @a5ada5e3@ kya   @a5ada5e5@ kyu   @a5ada5e7@ kyo
g- @a5aea5e3@ gya   @a5aea5e5@ gyu   @a5aea5e7@ gyo
sh- @a5b7a5e3@ sha   @a5b7a5e5@ shu @a5b7a5a7@ she @a5b7a5e7@ sho
j- @a5b8a5e3@ ja   @a5b8a5e5@ ju @a5b8a5a7@ je @a5b8a5e7@ jo
ch- @a5c1a5e3@ cha   @a5c1a5e5@ chu @a5c1a5a7@ che @a5c1a5e7@ cho
n- @a5cba5e3@ nya   @a5cba5e5@ nyu   @a5cba5e7@ nyo
h- @a5d2a5e3@ hya   @a5d2a5e5@ hyu   @a5d2a5e7@ hyo
b- @a5d3a5e3@ bya   @a5d3a5e5@ byu   @a5d3a5e7@ byo
p- @a5d4a5e3@ pya   @a5d4a5e5@ pyu   @a5d4a5e7@ pyo
m- @a5dfa5e3@ mya   @a5dfa5e5@ myu   @a5dfa5e7@ myo
r- @a5eaa5e3@ rya   @a5eaa5e5@ ryu   @a5eaa5e7@ ryo
f- @a5d5a5a1@ fa @a5d5a5a3@ fi   @a5d5a5a7@ fe @a5d5a5a9@ fo
v- @a5f4a5a1@ va @a5f4a5a3@ vi   @a5f4a5a7@ ve @a5f4a5a9@ vo
") E("@a5d5a5a3a5eaa5d4a5f3@","FIRIPIN","Philippines") E("@a5f4a5a3a1bca5f3@","VIIN","Vienna (capital of Austria)") N() T("@a3c1a4cf a3c2a4c7a4b9@","A ha B desu","Sentence pattern: A is B.") D("Expresses a relationship between A and B. This sentence is not only used to identify A and B, but it is also used to supply information concerning A at the time of the utterance. A and B are both Noun Phrases.

A and be can be both things and people.") E("@a4efa4bfa4b7a4cf a4cfa4e4a4b7a4c7a4b9a1a3@","watashiha hayashidesu.","I am Mr. Hayashi.") E("@a4efa4bfa4b7a4cf a4bba4f3a4bba4a4 a4c7a4b9a1a3@","watashiha sensei desu.","I am a teacher.") E("@a4bba4f3a4bba4a4a4cf a4a2a4bda4b3a4c7a4b9a1a3@","senseiha asokodesu.","The teacher is over there.") N() T("@a3c1a4cf a3c2a4c7a4cf a4a2a4eaa4dea4bba4f3a1a3@","A ha B deha arimasen.","Sentence pattern: A is not B.") D("The negative of @a3c1a4cf a3c2a4c7a4b9a1a3@") E("@a4efa4bfa4b7a4cf a4cfa4e4a4b7a4c7a4cf a4a2a4eaa4dea4bba4f3a1a3@","watashiha hayashideha arimasen.","I am not Mr. Hayashi.") E("@a4efa4bfa4b7a4cf a4bba4f3a4bba4a4 a4c7a4cf a4a2a4eaa4dea4bba4f3a1a3@","watashiha sensei deha arimasen.","I am not a teacher.") E("@a4bba4f3a4bba4a4a4cf a4a2a4bda4b3a4c7a4cf a4a2a4eaa4dea4bba4f3a1a3@","senseiha asokodeha arimasen.","The teacher is not over there.") N() T("@a3c1a4cf a3c2a4c7a4b9a4aba1a3@","A ha B desuka.","Sentence pattern: Is A B?") D("By adding @a4ab@ to @a3c1a4cf a3c2a4c7a4b9@ (A is B) and @a3c1a4cf a3c2a4c7a4cf a4a2a4eaa4dea4bba4f3@ (A is not B), and adding a rising intonation, an interrogative sentence is formed.
Interrogative sentences can also be formed by putting interrogative pronouns such as @a4c0a4ec@ (who), @a4c9a4caa4bf@ (who), @a4c9a4cea4aba4bf@ (which person) in B and adding @a4ab@ to the end of the sentence. Note that interrogative pronouns cannot be used in A.") E("@a4a2a4caa4bfa4cf a4aca4afa4bba4a4a4c7a4b9a4aba1a3@","anataha gakuseidesuka.","Are you a student?") E("@a4a2a4cea4aba4bfa4cf a4c9a4caa4bfa4c7a4b9a4aba1a3@","anokataha donatadesuka.","Who is that person?") E("@a4cfa4e4a4b7a4bba4f3a4bba4a4a4cf a4c9a4cea4aba4bfa4c7a4b9a4aba1a3@","hayashisenseiha donokatadesuka.","Which person is Mr. Hayashi?") W("@a4c9a4cea4aba4bfa4cf a4cfa4e4a4b7a4bba4f3a4bba4a4a4c7a4b9a4aba1a3@","donokataha hayashisenseidesuka.","Which person is Mr. Hayashi?") N() T("@a3c1a4ce a3c2@","A no B","Attribute: A is en attribute of B; B of A") D("By inserting a @a4ce@ between two NPs an attributive NP is formed where the first NP A modifies the next NP B. This structure serves to introduce related information, including possession.") E("@a4cba4dba4f3a4b4a4ce a4bba4f3a4bba4a4@","nihongono sensei","a teacher of Japanese") E("@a5c9a5a4a5c4a4ce a4aaa4f3a4caa4ce a4aca4afa4bba4a4a4ce a5a2a5caa4b5a4f3@","DOITSUno onnano gakuseino ANAsan","Anna, a female student from Germany") E("@a4cba4dba4f3a4b4a4ce a4bba4f3a4bba4a4a4ce a4cfa4e4a4b7a4bba4f3a4bba4a4@","nihongono senseino hayashisensei","Mr Hayashi, the Japanese teacher") N() T("@a3c1a4cf a3c2a4c7a4b9a1a3 a3c3a4e2 a3c2a4c7a4b9a1a3@","A ha B desu. C mo B desu.","Sentence pattern: A is B. C is B too.") D("After giving information B about A, this structure is used to express the fact that B also holds of C. More than one @a4e2@ can be used in one sentence. @a4cf@ + @a4e2@ = @a4e2@.") E("@a4efa4bfa4b7a4cf a4aca4afa4bba4a4 a4c7a4b9a1a3 a5a2a5eaa4b5a4f3a4e2 a4aca4afa4bba4a4 a4c7a4b9a1a3@","watashiha gakusei desu. ARIsanmo gakusei desu.","I am a student. Ali is also a student.") E("@a4efa4bfa4b7a4e2 a5a2a5eaa4b5a4f3a4e2 a4aca4afa4bba4a4 a4c7a4b9a1a3@","watashimo ARIsanmo gakusei desu.","I and Ali are students.") W("@a5a2a5eaa4b5a4f3a4cfa4e2 a4aca4afa4bba4a4 a4c7a4b9a1a3@","ARIsanhamo gakusei desu.","Ali is also a student") N() T("@a1c1a4b5a4f3a1a4 a1c1a4bba4f3a4bba4a4@","~san, ~sensei","Mister...") D("Usually used after a name of a person to address or refer to him/her politely. With teachers @a1c1a4bba4f3a4bba4a4@ should be used instead.") E("@a4b3a4cea4d2a4c8a4cf a5a2a5eaa4b5a4f3a4c7a4b9a1a3@","konohitoha ARIsandesu.","This (person) is Ali.") E("@a4efa4bfa4b7a4cf a5a2a5eaa4c7a4b9a1a3@","watashiha ARIdesu.","I am Ali.") E("@a4b3a4ce a4aba4bfa4cf a4cfa4e4a4b7a4bba4f3a4bba4a4 a4c7a4b9a1a3@","kono kataha hayashisensei desu.","This (person) is a teacher, Mr. Hayashi") W("@a4efa4bfa4b7a4cf a5a2a5eaa4b5a4f3a4c7a4b9a1a3@","watashiha ARIsandesu.","I am Ali.") N() T("@a4a2a4caa4bf@","anata","Personal pronoun: you") D("This is a second person singular pronoun, but there are severe restrictions on its usage. In an actual conversation, @a4a2a4caa4bf@ is used whenAt the elementary level, at least the following points should be noted:") E("@a4bba4f3a4bba4a4a4cf a4cba4dba4f3a4b4a4ce a4bba4f3a4bba4a4a4c7a4b9a4aba1a3@","senseiha nihongono senseidesuka.","Are you a teacher of Japanese?") W("@a4a2a4caa4bfa4cf a4cba4dba4f3a4b4a4ce a4bba4f3a4bba4a4a4c7a4b9a4aba1a3@","anataha nihongono senseidesuka.","Are you a teacher of Japanese?") E("@a5a2a5eaa4b5a4f3a4cf a4aca4afa4bba4a4a4c7a4b9a4aba1a3@","ARIsanha gakuseidesuka.","Are you a student, Ali?") W("@a5a2a5eaa1a4 a4a2a4caa4bfa4cf a4aca4afa4bba4a4 a4c7a4b9a4aba1a3@","ARI, anataha gakusei desuka.","Are you a student, Ali?") N() T("@a4a2a4cea4d2a4c8a1a4 a4c0a4ec@   and   @a4a2a4cea4aba4bfa1a4 a4c9a4caa4bf@","anohito, dare and anokata, donata","Interrogative pronoun: who") D("When referring to people, @a4a2a4cea4d2a4c8@ (that person), @a4c0a4ec@ (who) are usually used, and @a4a2a4cea4aba4bf@ (that person), @a4c9a4caa4bf@ (who) are polite words with the same meaning. The Japanese custom is to use polite expressions when speaking to people they do not know well. So when speaking of somebody nearby @a4b3a4cea4aba4bfa4cf a4c9a4caa4bfa4c7a4b9a4aba1a3@ (who is this person) should be used instead of @a4b3a4cea4d2a4c8a4cf a4c0a4eca4c7a4b9a4aba1a3@ (who is this person?).") N() T("@a3c1a4cf a3c2a4b8a4e3 a4a2a4eaa4dea4bba4f3@","A ha B ja arimasen","Sentence pattern: A is not B.") D("@a3c1a4cf a3c2a4b8a4e3 a4a2a4eaa4dea4bba4f3a1a3@ is the contracted form of @a3c1a4cf a3c2a4c7a4cf a4a2a4eaa4dea4bba4f3a1a3@ (A is not B), and in conversation this form is usual.")